一、术语解释(总题数：10，分数：20.00)
1.fossilization（分数：2.00）
正确答案：(
Fossilization is one of the main features of interlanguage. When the learner reaches a certain degree, the ability to learn a language is in a state of remaining stagnant. The learner is unable to obtain a native speaker’s language ability. This fact is called fossilization.
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2.parole（分数：2.00）
正确答案：(
Parole is proposed by Saussure to distinguish from langue. Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community. Parole refers to particular realizations of langue. Langue is the social, conventional side of language, while parole is individualized speech. Langue is the code, and parole is the message. Parole is the concrete manifestation of language either through speech or writing. Langue is the abstract knowledge necessary for speaking, listening, writing and reading. It is relatively stable and systematic, whereas parole is more variable and may change according to contextual factors. Langue and parole together constitute language.
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3.universal grammar（分数：2.00）
正确答案：(
Chomsky thought that universal grammar is a special device of human brain which can help people learn language quickly. It is an unconscious and potential knowledge which exists in human mind without learning and determines the existing appearance of human language. Just because of this special device, the most stupid person can talk while the smartest monkey cannot speak. The basic concepts of universal grammar are principles and parameters. They reveal the commonalities and differences between natural languages respectively. Principles refer to the abstract grammatical property which can be applied to all human languages. A certain language may not have some principles, but there is no language that can violate these principles. Parameters reflect the differences between diffe ……此处隐藏29509个字……, is of critical importance in The Waste Land. Memory creates a confrontation of the past with the present, a juxtaposition that points out just how badly things have decayed. The slow, repetitive syntax and hanging participles, “breeding” “mixing” “stirring” seem to freeze and control the movement in the first seven lines. This despairing opening voice is universal and dislocated; it is not in a narrative, nor does it speak to the reader. The clarity and authority of this voice mark it as the voice of propriety, wanting to maintain clear boundaries and rules, and, at its most extreme, hoping to halt forward movement and stop the proliferation of possibilities in life or language.
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